Skin Viral Infections: Between Present Realities and Future Horizons

Skin Viral Infections

Abstract

Skin viral infections, caused by pathogens such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomaviruses (HPV), and molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), represent a significant clinical and research challenge due to their diverse manifestations, latency, and oncogenic potential. The skin, as the body’s primary barrier, is uniquely susceptible to these viruses, which exploit its immune microenvironment and microbial ecosystem. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of these infections, while introducing novel hypotheses to guide future investigations. Current diagnostic tools, like PCR, and treatments, such as acyclovir, often fall short in addressing viral persistence and resistance, necessitating innovative approaches. Three hypotheses are proposed: the skin microbiome may modulate infection severity through crosstalk with viruses, epigenetic reprogramming by viral proteins could drive chronicity and oncogenesis, and skin-specific immune memory might be leveraged to prevent reactivation. Looking forward, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), CRISPR-based therapies, and multi-omics offers transformative potential for diagnostics, treatment, and prevention. This article highlights the need for interdisciplinary strategies to overcome existing limitations, drawing on recent studies to bridge current knowledge with speculative yet evidence-based ideas. By exploring these emerging insights and future directions, the review aims to inspire researchers and clinicians to address the persistent burden of skin viral infections with renewed focus and creativity.